In an August 24, 2016 op ed for the New York Times, William Davies laments the decline of public discourse into “an age of post-truth politics.” He gives examples of politicians and public policy advocates deploying misleading, if not fabricated, statistics and citing “facts” that, ultimately, do not withstand scrutiny. What is to become of Western democracies, he asks, if decision-making now rests on falsehood rather than fact?
Part of the problem, according to Davies, is that “it is possible to live in a world of data but no facts.” That statement well summarizes the challenge that my college students face: they live in a world with unprecedented access to information—the Internet pipes a relentless flow of data into their laptops, their smartphones, and their other-electronic-devices-that-I’ve-never-seen-before—and yet the human operators of these devices struggle to make sense of it all.
Fortunately, they’ve come to the right place. A liberal arts education always has sought to equip students with the tools needed for sorting out truth from falsehood, message from noise, the useful from the counter-productive. To this end, the History Department at Bethany Lutheran College has been phasing The St. Martin’s Handbook into implementation for all courses, freshman through senior year. This resource coaches students for developing critical thinking, clear writing, and compelling speaking. We as faculty emphasize the importance of backing up claims with reasons supported by evidence, while also scrutinizing assumptions and exploring qualifiers that delineate the boundaries of what can and cannot be supported by research.
As you consider the following example from the St. Martin’s Handbook, keep in mind that the point of that handbook is not to advocate for the abolition of the electoral college, but rather to determine whether this particular argument for the abolition of the electoral college is a strong or a weak argument. (My own view, if you are curious, is that the electoral college is fair and balanced–far more than most voters realize.)
For another example, in History 460: Religion in American History, my students will each read fifteen articles from academic journals and provide a one-page handout to their classmates identifying the following elements from each article:
- Thesis: An accurate and clear restatement of the author’s thesis (or central claim) in one or two grammatically complete sentences (St. Martin’s Handbook, secs. 3b, 3c, 8e, 15a).
- Analysis: A concise but complete Toulmin analysis together with an overall summary of how compelling the argument is.
- Toulmin Argument: Identification of the reasons, evidence, and assumptions involved in the author’s argument for the thesis, and a suggestion of appropriate qualifiers (sec. 8e).
- Evidence: Upon which primary, secondary, and/or tertiary sources does the argument rest? (secs. 3d, 11).
- Assumptions: How have personal biases, cultural contexts, political commitments, or other driving factors shaped the author’s argument? (secs. 2d, 8b–c).
- Qualifiers: General vs. particular scope of time and place? Tentative vs. definitive conclusion? etc. (sec. 8e).
- Credibility: How well does the author’s argument stand up to criticism? (secs. 8d–f, 12d–e).
Davies may well be correct that my students are entering an “era of post-truth politics,” but at least they will not enter it unaware or unprepared. My colleagues and I are too deeply committed to the pursuit of truth to allow that to occur on our watch.
Dr. Ryan MacPherson holds a PhD in history and philosophy of science from the University of Notre Dame. After serving for twenty years as a professor at Bethany Lutheran College, he served as the founding academic dean of Luther Classical College for three years. He is author of Rediscovering the American Republic, a two-volume anthology of primary sources in American history, as well as several other books on topics ranging from theology to politics to bioethics. Dr. MacPherson has testified in court in defense of a homeschool father and for the protection of traditional American civics curricula, contributed to legal briefs submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court in defense of marriage and the rule of law, appeared regularly on a variety of radio shows, and taught seminars for pastors and educators in Canada, Denmark, and Ecuador. The MacPherson homeschool family offers online enrichment courses through Lifelong Lyceum.
